Western Kazakhstan is a land, where Makhambet, batyr and long-suffering poet-stormy petrel, was born. All his life unclouded childhood and his youth had passed. All his life “started with joy and ended in failure” passed on this land – on the shore of Edil and yaik, on sands of naryn, Beketai and Taisoigan.
For us and for the future generation these sand-hills, these “lakes and waters of the sandstone”, these delicate willows, even a lonely plane-tree, a lonely bush of wornwood, these eternally sleeping boulders are the sacred heritage of Makhambet’s time.
So long as Kazakh people “could not live independently” (A.Baitursynov), a land between Edil and Yaik had been under foreign possession since 1731 to 1801, when Abulkhair-khan adopted a Russian citizenship. Only in 1801 a white tsar of Russia gave Bokey a permission to use the samara steppe. The Decree of Tsar Paul I runs: “While accepting sultan Bokey Nuralykhanuly, governing the Khan Council of Small Orda, in our citizenship, I allow him to roam all over this land; as a token of accord I award him a golden medal with my portrait”.
In the beginning, all those events taking place aroud the khan seemed appropriate to Isatai and Makhambet. At that time they were the Elders of two districts. However, in the course of time, a capricious egoist Jangir started displaying unprecedented unlawful actions. A brave man, as well as a poet with a tender heart, Makhambet was a soul of the uprising, and he was the first who urged isatai on the way of resolute armed struggle.
“The gravest unlawful action was the fact that the land graned by the tsar to Kazakh people, was considered by Jangir as his wn property. He created a view, according to which, the land of common people had been the khan’s property. In 1836 he announced 400.000 acres of land, grated by the tsar to Kazakh people, as the khan’s share. The remaining land was distributed to his relatives and tore. He started taking lands away from tribes, villages he did not like. (K.Dosmukhamedov)
As a result, “In a fussy spring of 1836, people’s anger against the khan and the khodjas; against the tore and the tulengits, against their tsar-patron, turned into a general uprising. The people, with their own hand, sealed Isatai on a horse and hoisted his flag with horse-hair on the top of the lofty hill. A bloody fight against the tsar’s troops and khan’s yassak, which lasted one and half years, has started.” (B.Amanshin).
My favourite Kazakh writer
My favorite Kazakh writer, Mukhtar Auezov, was born in 1897. He is a man of encyclopedic knowledge and erudition. Mukhtar Auezov is a significant person both in his life and creative activity. He wrote more than twenty plays and many magnificent stories. The top of his activity was the epopee about Abai. The first 20 years of Auezov’s life resemble the childhood, youth and young years of his favourite poet and spiritual teacher- Abai. Later in his famous work he described the same steppe, the same aul, the same social atmosphere.
With his works, Mukhtar Auezov raised the Kazakh literature up to the highest level. Many works of different genres belong to him.
His brilliant translations of world literary classics confirm his great talent. He published many interesting articles, made reports, composed textbooks and read lectures in colleges and universities. His professional researches became basis for some new branches in studying folklore, epos, history and linguistics of the Turks. He was elected as a professor of the Moscow State University.
His main work is closely connected with the image of the great son of the Kazakh people Abai. He devoted more than 15 years of his life to writing this book. This book was the most significant for him. As the writer said, the process of writing the novels about Abai turned into the most fascinating business of all his life. This book was called the original encyclopedia of many-sided features of the Kazakh people mode of life. It opened a vivid variety of culture and history of the ancient land and showed the riches of its customs and traditions to the whole world.
The works written by Mukhtar Auezov are still popular even now and are considered the original classics of the Kazakh literature. His name remained eternally in the memory of many people.
SAKEN SEYFULLIN
Seyfullin Saken was the founder of the modern Kazakh literature. He was also a poet and a writer, a statesman and a prominent member of the Communist Party of (Bolsheviks). He was born in winter quarters named Karashilik of modern Shet area, Karagandy region. He received education at the Nildin Russian-Kazakh School (1905 - 1908) and primary parochial school (1908 −1910). Saken graduated from the Akmola College in 1913 and the Omsk Teachers Seminary in 1916. Saken Seyfullin published his first collection of poems in 1914 in the city of Kazan under the name "Otken Kunder" ("The Past Days"). Seyfullin worked as the teacher of Russian Language in the village of Silety-Bugyly, wrote poems in support of national liberation movement in 1916 in Kazakhstan. In 1917 after the February Revolution he moved to Akmolinsk (today the city of Astana), wrote poems, created an organization named "Zhas Kazakh" ("Young Kazakh"), participated in publishing a newspaper "Tirshilik" ("Life"). He was a member of youth organization "Birlik" ("Unity"). He wrote one of the first works about the destiny of Kazakh woman - narrative under the name "Zhubatu" ("Consolation", 1917). In December 1917 he was elected a member of the Akmola Council of Deputies and appointed Commissar of Education. In 1917 he published a play named "Bakyt Zholynda" ("The Path to Happiness", 1917). It was a work of drama calling people for revolutionary struggle.
In June 1918 after the military coup he was arrested and thrown into "the carriage of death" of Ataman Annenkov. He was sent to a prison in the city of Omsk from which he escaped on April 3, 1919. After that he returned to his native village and then moved to Aulie-Ata (today the city of Taraz). In 1920 Saken Seyfullin came back to Akmolinsk where he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee and Head of the Administrative Division. At the first Founding Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan (on October 4, 1920 in the city of Orenburg) Seyfullin was elected member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1920s Seyfullin became editor at the Yenbekshi Kazakh (Working Kazakh) Newspaper, at the Kyzyl Kazakhstan (Red Kazakhstan) Journal. He was also appointed Deputy People’s Commissar for Education. In 1920 his play under the name "Kyzyl Sunkarlar" ("Red Eagles") was issued. In 1922 at the third congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan Seyfullin was elected Chairman of Committee of Soviet Commissars of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He also became a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and of the Presidium of the Kazakh Central Executive Committee. In 1925 Seyfullin was appointed Chairman of the Research Centre under the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
He worked as editor at the Adebiet Maydany (Literary Front) Journal. He also taught student at the Kyzylorda Institute of People’s Education, Institute of Journalism in Tashkent and Kazakh Pedagogical Institute in Alma-Ata. In the 1920s Saken Seyfullin wrote several articles, related to world and Kazakh literature, which are still popular and interesting for readers. In 1922 a collection of poems under the name "Asau Tulpar" ("Indomitable Horse") was issued in Orenburg. The poems "Dombyra" ("Dombra", 1924), "Sovetstan" (1924) and "Express" (1926) were published in separate books. Saken Seyfullin was an innovator in poetry. Having analyzed poetic traditions of Kazakh people, he renovated form and character of Kazakh poetry, introduced new themes and images in it. The poet also changed structure of strophes, rhythmic, syntax and intonation of Kazak poems. His historical and memoir novel "Tar Zhol, Taygak Keshu" ("Thorny Path") was published in 1927. In this work, Seyfullin showed the struggle of Kazakh nation against the Tsarism, participation of Kazakhs in revolution and their fight for establishment of Soviet power in Kazakhstan. Throughout his creative work Saken Seyfullin paid much attention to collection, analysis, classification and publication of monuments of Kazakh folklore.
The writer made a significant contribution to preparation of several works, including "Kazakhtyn Yeski Adebiety Nuskalary" ("Samples of Ancient Kazakh Literature", 1931), Kazakh version of the poem "Leyli and Majnun", book "Kazakh Adebiety" ("Kazakh Literature", 1932), and so on. Written in the 1930s poems "Albatros" ("Albatross", 1933) and "Kyzyl At" ("Red Horse", 1934) demonstrated Seyfullin’s position concerning occurred social phenomena. In his poem named "Kyzyl At" Seyfullin assessed all excesses committed during agricultural collectivization in Kazakhstan in the 1930s. In the 1930s Saken Seyfullin took part in discussions on the current problems of literature life. He even gave a report at the First Congress of Writers of Kazakhstan (1934) and the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (1934). In 1935 he issued the prose "Aysha" and narrative "Zhemister" ("Fruitage"). The writer also participated in preparation of school textbook on Kazakh literature. Seyfullin played a crucial role in education of literary men. He supported such writers as B. Maylin, S. Mukanov, G. Musrepov, G. Mustafin, T. Zharokov, and to name but a few. He assisted them in publishing their first works. Seyfullin edited and wrote prefaces for their books. M. Karataev, K. Bekkhozhin, Zh. Sain and many others took lessons from Saken Seyfullin. Seyfullin’s works were published in many languages. He was the first Kazakh writer who was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor. Unfortunately, he didn’t finished his novels "Bizdin Turmys" ("Our Life") and "Sol Zhyldarda" ("At that time") which told about the life of his contemporaries. In 1938 Saken Seyfullin was repressed. The writer was executed by shooting in Almaty.
In 1958 Seyfullin was rehabilitated (posthumously). In 1985 the Memorial Museum of Saken Seyfullin was opened in Tselinograd (today the city of Astana). In Kazakhstan there are theatres, schools, libraries and streets named after him. There is a monument in Akmola (Astana) created and placed in honour of the writer. The State Agrarian University, which situated in Astana, was named after Saken Seyfullin. Many artistic works were dedicated to him, including Mukanov’s play "Saken Seyfullin", Musrepov’s narrative "Kezdespey Ketken Bir Beyne" ("Once and Forever"), poems of A. Tazhibaev, A. Tokmagambetov, K. Bekkhozhin. Research papers of M. Karataev, B. Ismailov, S. Kirabaev, T. Kakishev, G. Serebryakova and others were focused on Seyfullin’s life and creative work.
Magzhan Zhumabayev
Magzhan Bekenuly Zhumabayev was born on 25 June 1893 in Sassykkul Tract if Sary-Aigyr volost in Petropavlovsky uezd. He died on 19 March 1938 in Alma-Ata. Magzhan comes from a rich family; his father was bii, the head of the volost. When he was four, he started to learn oriental languages and literature. Magzhan’s early poems were not preserved. He continued mastering the Arabic, Persian and Turkish languages in Begishev madrasah in Kzyl-Orda having obtained there secondary Moslem education. In 1910, he entered Galiya madrasah, the higher Islamic educational institution in Ufa City. But following the advice of his teacher, Galymzhan Ibragimov, who became the classicist of Tatar literature, Magzhan started looking for other ways of education. With Ibragimov’s help, young Magzhan’s works were published for the first time in 1912 in Kazan. In the same period with the support of Mirzhakyp Dulatov and Akmet Baitursynov, he started learning Russian, getting acquainted with Russian and European literature, and cooperates with “Kazakh” newspaper. In 1913, Magzhan entered Omsk Pedagogic Seminary. During these years in Omsk Magzhan took part in the creation of “Birlik” (Unity) Society; he was the editor of the hand-written magazine “Balapan”.
With his first steps in poetry, Magzhan reveals his unique talent. He gained wide recognition thanks to his poetic collection “Sholpan” (1912). The first stage of the creating way covers the period from 1910 to February 1917. His poems based on the historical facts appealed to the national fight for liberty. In his poem “Past” Magzhan called the names of fight heroes against Zhungar conquerors. The real hero for him was the one who “remembered about his nation”.
He dealt with journalism; he worked in the area of enlightenment, published in 1922 the book named “Pedagogy”. For certain time Magzhan was the editor of the newspaper “Bostandyk Tuy” (“Freedom Flag”) published in Omsk and after 1921 in Petropavlovsk.
Intensive and fruitful life period of Zhumabayev is related to Tashkent where he moved in 1922 and where he created his tale “Batyr Bayan”, poems about Turkestan, articles about Akan Sery, Bukhar Zhyrau, and Abubakir Divayev. He cooperated with the newspaper “Ak Zhol” and the magazine “Sholpan”. Here, in Tashkent, and in Kazan in 1922-23 he published two collections of poems where he had revealed his gifts. Magzhan belonged to the generation of the poets, which for the first time in the regions Central Asia and Kazakhstan joined two directions of spiritual development of the nations in East and West.
My favourite Kazakh poet
Makataev Mukagali Kazakh Soviet poet, writer and translator was born on February 9, 1931, in the village of Karasaz, in Alma-Ata region, in the foothills of the Great Khan Tengri. He graduated from the Literary Institute named by Gorky.
He worked as a secretary and head of the red yurt, an employee of the Komsomol, the literary staff of the local newspaper. In 1954-1962 he worked as a radio announcer on Kazakh, a teacher, in the years 1962-1972 - head of department of newspapers "Sotsialistіk Kazakstan", "Kazakh әdebietі" magazines "Madeniet zhane turmys", "Zhuldyz", in the years 1972-1973 - the literature consultant of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan.
He was a author of "Life is a legend," "Life is a river", "Mozart"s Requiem", "Favorites." Song of his poem "Sarzhaylyau" became popular. He was translated into Kazakh Russian classics, foreign literature, including Walt Whitman, "The Divine Comedy" by Dante. His name is put in front of them, Abay Auezova and other classics of Kazakh literature. He was a laureate of the State Prize of Kazakhstan ... Mukagali and his peers have become the main labor force and replaced the adult men who had gone to the front. They grazed cattle and plowed land, harvest and threshing. Along with the women and old men they considered themselves to be responsible for a life in the rear and very proud of it.
I’m fond of reading. Usually I borrow books from the library, but I have a lot of them at home, too. I like to read books about famous people and detective stories. Literature means much in my life. It helps to form the character and to understand life better.
There are some names in Russian and foreign literature that are very dear to me. In Russian literature I highly appreciate Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev. For me he is a real intellectual and aristocrat, a man of culture, devoted to literature, music and art. Though he lived abroad for a long time he didn’t stop to be a Russian writer for a moment. He created a number of national characters in his books. The image of Turgenev’s woman, deeply feeling, faithful and tender is an ideal of a Russian woman for me. It doesn’t lose its charm even today.
Of the present day writers and poets I like Eugene Evtushenko, Valentin Rasputin, Valentin Pikul, Boris Vasilyev. Their works are very human and realistic. They assert high moral principles in life. And this is very important nowadays.
My favourite foreign writer is O’Henry. In my childhood I was deeply impressed by his story “The Last Leaf”. Since then I bear in my heart the image of a young girl suffering from the incurable illness, and her friends doing all they can to give her hope and bring back to life.
Перевод
Я люблю читать. Обычно я беру книги в библиотеке, но у меня дома их тоже много. Я люблю читать книги о знаменитых людях и детективные рассказы. Литература много значит в моей жизни. Она помогает мне сформировать характер и лучше понять жизнь.
Есть несколько имен в русской и зарубежной литературе, которые очень дороги для меня. В русской литературе я высоко ценю Ивана Сергеевича Тургенева. Для меня он является настоящим интеллектуалом и аристократом, человеком культуры, преданным литературе, музыке и искусству. Хотя он и жил за границей в течение длительного времени, он не переставал быть русским писателем ни на минуту. Он создал ряд национальных символов в своих книгах. Образ тургеневской женщины: с глубокими чувствами, верной и нежной, является идеалом русской женщины для меня. Она не теряет своего очарования и сегодня.
Из современных писателей и поэтов, мне нравится Евгений Евтушенко, Валентин Распутин, Валентин Пикуль, Борис Васильев. Их работы очень человечные и реалистичные. Они утверждают высокие моральные принципы жизни. И это очень важно в наше время.
Мой любимый иностранный писатель — О" Генри. В детстве я был глубоко впечатлен его рассказом "Последний лист". С тех пор я ношу в своем сердце образ молодой девушки, страдающей от неизлечимой болезни, и ее друзей, которые делают все возможное, чтобы дать надежду и вернуть её к жизни.
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My Favourite Writer (I. Turgenev)
I"m fond of reading. Usually I borrow books from the library, but I have a lot of them at home, too. I like to read books about famous people and detective stories. Literature means much in my life. It helps to form the character and to understand life better.
There are some names in Russian and Foreign literature that are very dear to me.
In Russian literature I highly appreciate Ivan Sergiyovych Turgenev. For me he is a real intellectual and aristocrat, a man of culture, devoted to literature, music and art. Though he lived abroad for a long time he didn"t stop to be a Russian writer-for a moment. He created a number of national characters in his books. The image of Turgenev s woman, deeply feeling, faithful and tender is an ideal of a Russian woman for me. It doesn"t lose its charm even today.
Of the present day writers and poets I like Eugenij Evtushenko, Valentin Rasputin, Valentin Pikul, Boris Vasyljev. Their works are very human and realistic. They assert high moral principles in life.
And this is very
important nowadays. My favourite writer is O"Henry, too. In my
childhood I was deeply impressed by his story "The Last Leaf".
Since then I bear in my heart the image of a young girl
suffering from the incurable illness, and her friends doing all
they can to give her hope and bring back to life.
Мой любимый писатель (И. Тургенев)
Я люблю читать. Обычно я беру книги в библиотеке, но у меня много книг и дома. Мне нравится читать книги о знаменитых людях и детективы. Литература много значит в моей жизни. Она помогает сформировать характер и лучше понять жизнь.
В российской и зарубежной литературе есть имена, которые очень дороги мне.
В русской литературе я высоко ценю Ивана Сергеевича Тургенева. Для меня он - настоящий интеллигент и аристократ, культурный человек, преданный литературе, музыке и искусству. Хотя он долго жил за рубежом, он ни на секунду не переставал быть русским писателем. В своих книгах он создал галерею национальных характеров. Образ тургеневской женщины, способной на глубокое чувство, искренней и нежной, - для меня идеал русской женщины. Этот образ не потерял свою привлекательность и сегодня.
Среди современных писателей и поэтов мне нравятся Евгений Евтушенко, Валентин Распутин, Валентин Пикуль, Борис Васильев. Их произведения человечны и реалистичны. Они отстаивают высокие жизненные и моральные принципы.
И это очень важно именно сейчас. Еще
мне нравится О"
Генри. В детстве на
меня произвел сильное впечатление его рассказ «Последний лист».
С тех пор я ношу в сердце образ молодой девушки, которая
страдает от неизлечимой болезни, и ее друзей, .которые делают
все, что в их силах, чтобы дать ей надежду и вернуть к жизни.
Speaking about reading I can’t help saying about my favourite writer. He is one of the most famous Russian authors of the 19th century – Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov.
His life was momentary and blinding as a gleam of lightning in a stormy sky.
Not having lived till 27 years old, he passed the entire circle of life with flights of inspiration and bitterness of disappointments. He went through many troubles in his life: great success and two exiles, disappointments and love, smoke of battles and intrigues of a high society.. And died in thunderstorm… This is the entire circle.
Just two latest figures changed their places in the dates of his life. But how many emotions were experienced by him and what antagonism of ideas existed in his mind and soul!
I like novels, stories and poems by Mikhail Lermontov very much. Needless to say that the most part of the poems and almost all novels and stories are full of melancholy – this is the particularity of his works.
No doubt, all of us have read his poems at school and of course have got acquainted with “The Hero of Our Time”. In this novel through the heroes Lermontov tried to express his own sense of time and events.
The main character is Grigoriy Alexandrovich Pechorin – an individualist with a conflict in his sole. He disdains a high society and searches for a real affair, where he could apply his skills and his talents, where he could put his soul. But he doesn’t find such an affair and suffers from it.
Pechorin is a deep character. He is like his author, a man who searches for real life, deep feelings, true love and feels useless in his time.
Lermontov never wrote non-fiction. All his compositions are made-up but a great part of them is connected with real events of the 19th and other centuries. There is no humor in his works, they are deep and full of the author’s thoughts. They reflect the problems of the society and make us think. That is why I like them very much and enjoy every minute, reading books by Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov.
My Favourite Writer – Мой любимый писатель
My favorite writer is Charles Dickens and I’m fond of reading his books. He is very popular English writer and novelist.
Dickens was born in Portsmouth February 7, 1812, and spent his childhood in Kent and London, both of which frequently appear in his novels.
He went to school being at the age of nine. When his father was committed to prison for debt in 1824, Dickens interrupted the school. The boy started working in a factory. Then from 1824 to 1826 Dickens attended the school again. However, at most, he was self-educated.
In 1827 Charles Dickens started to work as a legal clerk. Dickens published the first series of descriptive sketches in December 1833, using the pseudonym Boz. These series describe the daily life in London.
The success of the first novel The Pickwick Papers brought popularity to Dickens. And then he maintained subsequently his fame with a great string of novels.
Being a man of wide talents and enormous energy, he also dealt in other different activities. He composed the travel books such as Pictures from Italy and American Notes, edited the weekly periodicals such as All the Year Round and Household Words, administered charity organizations, and also pressed for numerous social reforms. In 1843 he was published a wonderful Christmas Carol, an ever-popular children story.
In June 9, 1870 he suffered a fatal flood stroke and was buried in the Westminster Abbey. He contributed much to the world literature, he wrote Bleak House, The Pickwick Papers, Dombey and Son, Oliver Twist, and other stories and novels.
Мой любимый писатель – Чарльз Диккенс, и я обожаю чтение его книг. Он известный английский писатель и новеллист.
Диккенс родился в г. Портсмут 7 февраля 1812 года, а провел свое детство в Лондоне и Кенте, которых он изображал в своих рассказах.
В возрасте девяти лет он пошел в школу. Но когда его отца посадили в тюрьму за долги, он был вынужден оставить школу. Мальчик пошел работать на завод. Затем с 1824 по 1826 Диккенс снова ходил в школу. Но по большей части он занимался самообразованием.
В 1827 Чарльз Диккенс получил работу клерка. В декабре 1833 Диккенс опубликовал свои беллетристические очерки под псевдонимом Боз. Эти очерки изображали повседневную жизнь Лондона.
Успех Посмертных записок Пиквикского клуба принес популярность Диккенсу. И затем для поддержания своей славы, он создал вереницу новых рассказов.
Будучи человеком талантливым и энергичным, он также занимался другими видами деятельности. Он создал книги путевых заметок, такие как Американские заметки и Картинки из Италии, издавал еженедельники – «Круглый год» и «Домашнее чтение», возглавлял благотворительные организации, а также настоял на многих социальных реформах. В 1843 он опубликовал замечательную Рождественская песнь, неизменно популярную детскую повесть.
9 июня 1870 он перенес фатальный инсульт и был похоронен на Аббатском кладбище. Он внес огромный вклад в мировую литературу, он написал Холодный дом, Посмертные записки Пиквикского клуба, роман Домби и сын, Оливер Твист и много других рассказов и повестей.